H. Thimbleby, Press On — Principles of Interaction Programming, Russian edition, MIT Press, in press. Bibtex URL
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H. Thimbleby, “Is IT a dangerous prescription?”, BCS Interfaces, 84, pp.5–10, 2010. Bibtex PDF
@article{HT189,
title = {Is IT a dangerous prescription?},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {ITprescription.pdf},
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year = {2010},
pages = {5--10},
journal = {BCS Interfaces},
volume = {84},
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}
A. Gimblett and H. Thimbleby, “User Interface Model Discovery: Towards a Generic Approach,” Proceedings ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems — EICS 2010, Best Paper Award, pp.145–154, edited by G. Doherty, M. D. Harrison and J. Nichols, Berlin, ACM, doi:10.1145/1822018.1822041, 2010. Bibtex PDF
@inproceedings{discovery-eics,
title = {User Interface Model Discovery: Towards a Generic Approach},
author = {Harold Thimbleby and A. Gimblett},
files = {p145-gimblett.pdf},
flags = {refereed,starred,epsrc,highly-rated},
year = {2010},
booktitle = {Proceedings ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems --- EICS 2010},
pages = {145--154},
highlight = {Best Paper Award},
editor = {G. Doherty and J. Nichols and M. D. Harrison},
location = {Berlin},
publisher = {ACM},
doi = {10.1145/1822018.1822041},
highlighttitle = {Proceedings {ACM} Engineering Interactive Computer Systems --- EICS},
section = {Conference papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, Press On — Principles of Interaction Programming, Paperback edition, MIT Press, ISBN 978–0–262–51423–1, 2010. Bibtex URL
@book{HT156,
title = {Press On --- Principles of Interaction Programming},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
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url = {http://mitpress.com/presson},
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P. Cairns and H. Thimbleby, “Reducing Number Entry Errors: Solving a Widespread, Serious Problem,” Journal Royal Society Interface, 7(51), pp.1429–1439, doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0112, 2010. Abstract Bibtex PDF URL
Number entry is ubiquitous: it is required in many fields including science, healthcare, education, government, mathematics and finance. People entering numbers are to be expected to make errors, but shockingly few systems make any effort to detect, block or otherwise manage errors. Worse, errors may be ignored but processed in arbitrary ways, with unintended results.
A standard class of error (defined in the paper) is an “out by ten error,” which is easily made by miskeying a decimal point or a zero. In safety-critical domains, such as drug delivery, out by ten errors generally have adverse consequences.
Here we expose the extent of the problem of numeric errors in a very wide range of systems. An analysis of better error management is presented: under reasonable assumptions we show that the probability of out by ten errors can be halved by better user interface design. We provide a demonstration user interface to show that the approach is practical.
@article{numbererrors,
title = {Reducing Number Entry Errors: Solving a Widespread, Serious Problem},
author = {Harold Thimbleby and P. Cairns},
files = {RoySocInterface-2010-Thimbleby-rsif.pdf},
abstract = {Number entry is ubiquitous: it is required in many fields including science, healthcare, education, government, mathematics and finance. People entering numbers are to be expected to make errors, but shockingly few systems make any effort to detect, block or otherwise manage errors. Worse, errors may be ignored but processed in arbitrary ways, with unintended results.
A standard class of error (defined in the paper) is an ``out by ten error,'' which is easily made by miskeying a decimal point or a zero. In safety-critical domains, such as drug delivery, out by ten errors generally have adverse consequences.
Here we expose the extent of the problem of numeric errors in a very wide range of systems. An analysis of better error management is presented: under reasonable assumptions we show that the probability of out by ten errors can be halved by better user interface design. We provide a demonstration user interface to show that the approach is practical.},
flags = {refereed,starred,epsrc,highly-rated},
year = {2010},
pages = {1429--1439},
journal = {Journal Royal Society Interface},
url = {http://cs.swan.ac.uk/~csharold/interface/},
volume = {7},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2010.0112},
number = {51},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Ignorance of interaction programming is killing people,” ACM Interactions, pp.52–57, September+October, 2008. Bibtex PDF URL
@article{HT191,
title = {Ignorance of interaction programming is killing people},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {p52-thimbleby.pdf},
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year = {September+October, 2008},
pages = {52--57},
journal = {ACM Interactions},
url = {http://harold.thimbleby.net/health},
section = {Articles in other journals: not refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
P. Cairns and H. Thimbleby, “Affordance and Symmetry in User Interfaces,” Computer Journal, 51(6), pp.650–661, doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxm102, 2008. Abstract Bibtex PDF
Affordance is a widely-used term in human-computer interaction that, while familiar and attractive, does not have a clear operational definition. Using the mathematical concept of symmetry, this paper shows it is possible to begin developing an operational definition for significant aspects of affordance by forming the theoretical concept of symmetry-affordance. The proposed definition restricts symmetry-affordance to particular contexts but in doing so makes it more useful, as it is clear how to exploit symmetry to aid design. The definition is in standard mathematics (in fact, group theory and model theory) and requires little additional structure. In examining symmetry-affordance, it becomes clear that some other HCI notions can be similarly interpreted by symmetry. The paper provides examples and design insights.
“Symmetry, as wide or as narrow as you may define its meaning, is one idea by which man through the ages has tried to comprehend and create order, beauty, and perfection.” Hermann Weyl
@article{affordance-cj,
title = {Affordance and Symmetry in User Interfaces},
author = {Harold Thimbleby and P. Cairns},
files = {affordance.pdf},
abstract = {Affordance is a widely-used term in human-computer interaction that, while familiar and attractive, does not have a clear operational definition. Using the mathematical concept of symmetry, this paper shows it is possible to begin developing an operational definition for significant aspects of affordance by forming the theoretical concept of {\emph{symmetry-affordance}}. The proposed definition restricts symmetry-affordance to particular contexts but in doing so makes it more useful, as it is clear how to exploit symmetry to aid design. The definition is in standard mathematics (in fact, group theory and model theory) and requires little additional structure. In examining symmetry-affordance, it becomes clear that some other HCI notions can be similarly interpreted by symmetry. The paper provides examples and design insights.
``Symmetry, as wide or as narrow as you may define its meaning, is one idea by which man through the ages has tried to comprehend and create order, beauty, and perfection.'' {\emph{Hermann~Weyl}}},
flags = {refereed,starred,highly-rated},
year = {2008},
pages = {650--661},
journal = {Computer Journal},
volume = {51},
number = {6},
doi = {10.1093/comjnl/bxm102},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Write Now!”, Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction, pp.196–211, edited by P. Cairns and A. Cox, Cambridge University Press, 2008. Bibtex PDF
@inbook{HT160,
title = {Write Now!},
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pages = {196--211},
editor = {P. Cairns and A. Cox},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
section = {Contributions to edited volumes: not refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Teaching HCI to make it come alive,” Keynote, Magazine of Interaction Design and Architecture(s), (3 & 4), pp.9–16, edited by C. Giovannella, P. Kotze and W. Wong, 2008. Abstract Bibtex PDF
We review how to teach effectively in higher education (covering both the literature and the author’s own opinions), with particular reference to HCI and using real life-and-death examples, based on simple medical design issues. Students are motivated because even elementary HCI knowledge empowers them to make a real and significant difference in the world.
@article{teach-hci,
title = {Teaching {HCI} to make it come alive},
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abstract = {We review how to teach effectively in higher education (covering both the literature and the author's own opinions), with particular reference to HCI and using real life-and-death examples, based on simple medical design issues. Students are motivated because even elementary HCI knowledge empowers them to make a real and significant difference in the world.},
flags = {invited,keynote,starred},
year = {2008},
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pages = {9--16},
journal = {Magazine of Interaction Design and Architecture(s)},
editor = {C. Giovannella and P. Kotze and W. Wong},
issn = {1826-9745},
number = {3 {\&} 4},
section = {Forewords and keynotes: not refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Interaction Walkthrough: Evaluation of Safety Critical Interactive Systems,” Proceedings The XIII International Workshop on Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems — DSVIS 2006, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4323, pp.52–66, edited by A. Blandford and G. Doherty, Dublin, Ireland, Springer Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69554-7_5, 2007. Abstract Bibtex PDF
Usability evaluation methods are a battery of techniques for assessing the usability of interactive systems or of proposed interactive systems. This paper describes a new evaluation method, particularly appropriate for evaluating safety critical and high quality user interfaces. The method can also be used for informing HCI research. The method is applied when a specification is available of an interactive system, or when a system (or prototype) is working.
@inproceedings{walkthrough-dsvis,
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abstract = {Usability evaluation methods are a battery of techniques for assessing the usability of interactive systems or of proposed interactive systems. This paper describes a new evaluation method, particularly appropriate for evaluating safety critical and high quality user interfaces. The method can also be used for informing HCI research. The method is applied when a specification is available of an interactive system, or when a system (or prototype) is working.},
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volume = {4323},
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series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
highlighttitle = {Proceedings Design, Specification, and Verification of Interactive Systems --- DSVIS},
editor = {G. Doherty and A. Blandford},
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doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-69554-7_5},
section = {Conference papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, Press On — Principles of Interaction Programming, Choice Outstanding Academic Title, 2008. Winner, Computer and Information Sciences category, 2007 Professional/Scholarly Publishing Awards for Excellence Competition presented by the Association of American Publishers, Inc., MIT Press, ISBN 978–0–262–20170–4, 2007. Bibtex URL
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H. Thimbleby and W. Thimbleby, “A Novel Gesture-Based Calculator and Its Design Principles,” Proceedings 19th. British Computer Society HCI Conference, 2, pp.27–32, edited by O. Bertelsen, N. Bryan-Kinns and L. MacKinnon, Edinburgh, Scotland, British Computer Society, 2005. Bibtex PDF URL
@inproceedings{will-bcs,
title = {A Novel Gesture-Based Calculator and Its Design Principles},
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files = {BCSHCI2005calc-1.pdf},
flags = {refereed,highly-rated,starred},
year = {2005},
booktitle = {Proceedings 19th. British Computer Society {HCI} Conference},
pages = {27--32},
url = {http://cs.swan.ac.uk/~csharold/calculators/index.html},
volume = {2},
editor = {L. MacKinnon and O. Bertelsen and N. Bryan-Kinns},
publisher = {British Computer Society},
location = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
highlighttitle = {Proceedings BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction --- BCS-HCI},
section = {Conference papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “User Interface Design with Matrix Algebra,” ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 11(2), pp.181–236, doi:10.1145/1005361.1005364, 2004. Abstract Bibtex PDF PS URL
It is usually very hard, both for designers and users, to reason reliably about user interfaces. This paper shows that ‘push button’ and ‘point and click’ user interfaces are algebraic structures. Users effectively do matrix algebra when they interact, and therefore we can be precise about some important issues of usability. Matrices, in particular, are useful for explicit calculation and for proof of various user interface properties.
With matrix algebra, we are able to undertake with ease unusally thorough reviews of real user interfaces: this paper examines a mobile phone, a handheld calculator and a digital multimeter as case studies. All difficulties in applying the approach correspond to awkward or avoidable complexities in the user interfaces being modelled: using matrix algebra in design therefore encourages designers to avoid such user interface complexities.
@article{matrix-tochi,
title = {User Interface Design with Matrix Algebra},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {tochimat.pdf,tochimat.ps},
abstract = {It is usually very hard, both for designers and users, to reason reliably about user interfaces. This paper shows that `push button' and `point and click' user interfaces are algebraic structures. Users effectively do matrix algebra when they interact, and therefore we can be precise about some important issues of usability. Matrices, in particular, are useful for explicit calculation and for proof of various user interface properties.
With matrix algebra, we are able to undertake with ease unusally thorough reviews of real user interfaces: this paper examines a mobile phone, a handheld calculator and a digital multimeter as case studies. All difficulties in applying the approach correspond to awkward or avoidable complexities in the user interfaces being modelled: using matrix algebra in design therefore encourages designers to avoid such user interface complexities.},
flags = {refereed,starred,epsrc,highly-rated},
year = {2004},
pages = {181--236},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
url = {http://cs.swan.ac.uk/~csharold/matrixweb/index.html},
volume = {11},
doi = {10.1145/1005361.1005364},
number = {2},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Explaining Code for Publication,” Software — Practice & Experience, 33(10), pp.975–1001, doi:10.1002/spe.537, 2003. Abstract Bibtex PDF PS URL
Ensuring integrity between code and published papers so that algorithms can be written about reliably, whether for explaining them in scientific papers or books, requires automatic tool support. A versatile, light-weight approach that is easy to use is described.
(A Java implementation is available that works with Java, C and similar languages, and provides support for explanations in LaTEX, XML, HTML, etc.)
@article{warp-spae,
title = {Explaining Code for Publication},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {warp.pdf,warp.ps},
abstract = {Ensuring integrity between code and published papers so that algorithms can be written about reliably, whether for explaining them in scientific papers or books, requires automatic tool support. A versatile, light-weight approach that is easy to use is described.
(A Java implementation is available that works with Java, C and similar languages, and provides support for explanations in {\LaTeX}, XML, HTML, etc.)},
flags = {refereed,starred,highly-rated},
year = {2003},
pages = {975--1001},
journal = {Software --- Practice {\&} Experience},
url = {http://cs.swan.ac.uk/~csharold/warp/index.html},
volume = {33},
doi = {10.1002/spe.537},
number = {10},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
P. Cairns, M. Jones and H. Thimbleby, “Usability Analysis with Markov Models,” ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 8(2), pp.99–132, 2001. Abstract Bibtex PDF PS URL
How hard do users find interactive devices to use to achieve their goals, and how can we get this information early enough to influence design?
We show that Markov modelling can obtain suitable measures, and we provide formulas that can be used for a large class of systems. We analyse and consider alternative designs for various examples. We introduce a “usability/knowledge graph,” and we show that a device that is “obviously” easy to use probably isn’t.
Markov models can be evaluated in suitable mathematical packages; Mathematica (one such package) can very conveniently simulate the device being evaluated: mathematical and empirical analysis may be combined. One would hope that in the future, design tools would include such mathematical analysis, and no new design skills would be required to evaluate devices. (This paper provides complete code in an Appendix.)
@article{markov-tochi,
title = {Usability Analysis with Markov Models},
author = {Harold Thimbleby and P. Cairns and M. Jones},
files = {markov.pdf,markov.ps},
abstract = {How hard do users find interactive devices to use to achieve their goals, and how can we get this information early enough to influence design?
We show that Markov modelling can obtain suitable measures, and we provide formulas that can be used for a large class of systems. We analyse and consider alternative designs for various examples. We introduce a ``usability/knowledge graph,'' and we show that a device that is ``obviously'' easy to use probably isn't.
Markov models can be evaluated in suitable mathematical packages; {\emph{Mathematica\/}} (one such package) can very conveniently simulate the device being evaluated: mathematical and empirical analysis may be combined. One would hope that in the future, design tools would include such mathematical analysis, and no new design skills would be required to evaluate devices. (This paper provides complete code in an Appendix.)},
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year = {2001},
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journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
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volume = {8},
number = {2},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Calculators are Needlessly Bad,” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52(6), pp.1031–1069, 2000. Abstract Bibtex PDF PS URL
In the two decades hand-held calculators have been readily available there has been ample time to develop a usable design and to educate the consumer public into choosing quality devices. This article reviews a representative calculator that is ‘state of the art’ and shows it has an execrable design. The design is shown to be confusing and essentially non-mathematical. Substantial evidence is presented that illustrates the inadequate documentation, bad implementation, feature interaction, and feature incoherence. These problems are shown to be typical of calculators generally. Despite the domain (arithmetic) being well-defined, the design problems are profound, widespread, confusing — and needless. Worrying questions are begged: about design quality control, about consumer behaviour, and about the role of education — both at school level (training children to acquiesce to bad design) and at university level (training professionals to design unusable products). The article concludes with recommendations.
@article{needless-ijhcs,
title = {Calculators are Needlessly Bad},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {hucalc.pdf,hucalc.ps},
abstract = {In the two decades hand-held calculators have been readily available there has been ample time to develop a usable design and to educate the consumer public into choosing quality devices. This article reviews a representative calculator that is `state of the art' and shows it has an execrable design. The design is shown to be confusing and essentially non-mathematical. Substantial evidence is presented that illustrates the inadequate documentation, bad implementation, feature interaction, and feature incoherence. These problems are shown to be typical of calculators generally. Despite the domain (arithmetic) being well-defined, the design problems are profound, widespread, confusing --- and needless. Worrying questions are begged: about design quality control, about consumer behaviour, and about the role of education --- both at school level (training children to acquiesce to bad design) and at university level (training professionals to design unusable products). The article concludes with recommendations.},
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volume = {52},
number = {6},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “A New Calculator and Why it is Necessary,” Computer Journal, 38(6), pp.418–433, doi:10.1093/comjnl/38.6.418, 1995. Abstract Bibtex PDF URL
Conventional calculators are badly designed: they suffer from bad computer science — they are unnecessarily difficult to use and bug ridden. I describe a solution, avoiding the problems caused by conventional calculators that is more powerful and arguably much easier to use. The solution has been implemented, and design issues are discussed. This paper shows an interactive system that is declarative, with the advantages of clarity and power that entails. It frees people from working out how a calculation should be expressed to concentrating on what they want solved. An important contribution is to demonstrate the very serious problems users face when using conventional calculators, and hence what a freedom a declarative design brings.
@article{newcalc-cj,
title = {A New Calculator and Why it is Necessary},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {allcalcs.pdf},
abstract = {Conventional calculators are badly designed: they suffer from bad computer science --- they are unnecessarily difficult to use and bug ridden. I describe a solution, avoiding the problems caused by conventional calculators that is more powerful and arguably much easier to use. The solution has been implemented, and design issues are discussed. This paper shows an interactive system that is declarative, with the advantages of clarity and power that entails. It frees people from working out how a calculation should be expressed to concentrating on what they want solved. An important contribution is to demonstrate the very serious problems users face when using conventional calculators, and hence what a freedom a declarative design brings.},
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year = {1995},
pages = {418--433},
journal = {Computer Journal},
url = {http://cs.swan.ac.uk/~csharold/calculators/index.html},
volume = {38},
doi = {10.1093/comjnl/38.6.418},
number = {6},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “The Frustrations of a Pushbutton World,” 1993 Encyclopædia Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future, pp.202–219, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., ISBN 0–85229–568–5, 1992. Abstract Bibtex HTML
Today we live in a “pushbutton world” and it seems as if the people who built it had prehensile minds. We live with things we do not know how to use. At worst it is dangerous — somebody may press The Red Button by mistake. At best it is frustrating. The purpose of this article is to explore the state of this technology that is making our lives complicated. There is a science of design underlying machines for people to use; in the 1990s we have reached the point where we need to start applying it with urgency. The frustration we all have with over-complex gadgets has to be understood as a failure to apply science to make the things properly: it is not our failure because we are too old or too simple-minded.
@inbook{HT172,
title = {The Frustrations of a Pushbutton World},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {encybrit.html},
abstract = {Today we live in a ``pushbutton world'' and it seems as if the people who built it had prehensile minds. We live with things we do not know how to use. At worst it is dangerous --- somebody may press The Red Button by mistake. At best it is frustrating. The purpose of this article is to explore the state of this technology that is making our lives complicated. There is a science of design underlying machines for people to use; in the 1990s we have reached the point where we need to start applying it with urgency. The frustration we all have with over-complex gadgets has to be understood as a failure to apply science to make the things properly: it is not our failure because we are too old or too simple-minded.},
flags = {invited,starred,epsrc},
year = {1992},
booktitle = {1993 Encyclop{\ae}dia Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future},
pages = {202--219},
isbn = {0--85229--568--5},
publisher = {Encyclop{\ae}dia Britannica Inc.},
section = {Contributions to edited volumes: not refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, User Interface Design, ACM Press Frontier Series, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0–201–41618–2, 1990. Abstract Bibtex
This book is at the leading edge of current developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and is essential reading for all practitioners and researchers looking for novel and challenging ideas. It takes an in-depth look at interactive systems from the standpoint of both the designer and the user. Highlights of the book include:
The author, Harold Thimbleby, is Professor of Information Technology at the University of Stirling. He has considerable experience providing industry-based HCI courses, as well as teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students.
“User interface design is one of those once-in-a-lifetime experiences that makes it worthwhile to have visited this planet. Thimbleby combines wit and a wry sense of humor with penetrating insights into user interface issues and practical suggestions for improved designs. This is the human-computer interaction that computers deserve.” Brian Gaines, University of Calgary
“From apocatastasis to WYSIWYG, from Eliza to Oz, from metacircularity to counterfinality... a whirlwind of fresh ideas and grand philosophies.” Ben Shneiderman, University of Maryland
@book{uid,
title = {User Interface Design},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
abstract = {This book is at the leading edge of current developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and is essential reading for all practitioners and researchers looking for novel and challenging ideas. It takes an in-depth look at interactive systems from the standpoint of both the designer and the user. Highlights of the book include: {\begin{itemize}} {\item} a thorough survey of the issues, problems and methods of user interface design. {\item} a wealth of case studies illustrating practical and creative design issues involved in building interactive systems. {\item} a wide variety of design ideas and principles throughout the book. {\end{itemize}}
The author, Harold Thimbleby, is Professor of Information Technology at the University of Stirling. He has considerable experience providing industry-based HCI courses, as well as teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students.
``User interface design is one of those once-in-a-lifetime experiences that makes it worthwhile to have visited this planet. Thimbleby combines wit and a wry sense of humor with penetrating insights into user interface issues and practical suggestions for improved designs. This is the human-computer interaction that computers deserve.'' {\emph{Brian Gaines, University of Calgary\/}}
``From apocatastasis to WYSIWYG, from Eliza to Oz, from metacircularity to counterfinality{\ldots} a whirlwind of fresh ideas and grand philosophies.'' {\emph{Ben Shneiderman, University of Maryland\/}}},
flags = {starred},
year = {1990},
aftertitle = {ACM Press Frontier Series},
note = {470pp. Reprinted 1991},
isbn = {0--201--41618--2},
publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
section = {Books: not refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}
H. Thimbleby, “Experiences with Literate Programming Using CWEB (A Variant of Knuth’s WEB),” Awarded British Computer Society Wilkes Medal, Computer Journal, 29(3), pp.201–211, 1986. Abstract Bibtex PDF
Cweb is a literate programming system for the programming language C. Experience developing and using it forms the basis of this paper, the purpose of which is to:
@article{cweb-cj,
title = {Experiences with Literate Programming Using CWEB (A Variant of Knuth's WEB)},
author = {Harold Thimbleby},
files = {cweb.pdf},
abstract = {{\textbf{Cweb}} is a literate programming system for the programming language C{\@}. Experience developing and using it forms the basis of this paper, the purpose of which is to: {\begin{itemize}}{\item} support Knuth's enthusiasm for literate programming {\item} discuss developments in literate programming support, both within the current framework of {\textbf{cweb}} and to interactive graphics support {\item} discuss the implementation issues, considering {\textbf{cweb}} as part of a simple IPSE (Integrated Project Support Environment); the conclusions for IPSEs appear pessimistic.{\end{itemize}}},
flags = {refereed,starred,prize,highly-rated},
year = {1986},
pages = {201--211},
journal = {Computer Journal},
volume = {29},
highlight = {Awarded British Computer Society Wilkes Medal},
number = {3},
section = {Journal papers: refereed},
sectionType = {subsection}
}